Narrare il Campo profughi: i bambini palestinesi come difesa della comunità sottoposta a violenza militare

Guido Veronese, Mahmud Said, Marco Castiglioni

Abstract


Narrating Refugee Camp: the Palestinian Children as defence of the community under milary violence

 

This paper aims to explore some internal and external oppressive practices that create serious risks to the physical and psychological health of Palestinian children. The typical stories of three children interviewed at Jenin refugee camp are subjected to content analyis. Key themes emerging from the analysis include the need to “re-deem” grandparents and parents (depressed, preoccupied, without hope), intolerance of imprisonment and being coerced into confined spaces, the need for space to play in, the acceleration, through violence, of the rite of passage towards adulthood. The current conditions endured by the children of the refugee camp make you imagining a possible agreement to fighting groups in adolescence or adulthood. This does not mean that families encourage their children to engage in guerrilla warfare or other terrorist acts. The motivations leading to dangerous practices and risk factors are discussed.

 

Key words: palestinian children; narratives; military violence.


Full Text

PDF

Riferimenti bibliografici


Bibliografia

Arafat C., & Boothby, N. (2004), A Psychosocial Assessment of Palestinian Children, U.S.

Agency for International Development’s Mission.

Aisenberg, E., Herrenkohl, T. (2008). Community violence in context: risk and resilience in children and families. Journal of interpersonal violence, 23, 3, 296 315.

Armsworth, M.,W. & Holaday, M. (1993). The Effects of Psychological Trauma on Children and Adolescents. Journal of Counseling & Development, 72, 49 56.

Arvay, M., J. (2003). Doing reflexivity: A collaborative narrative approach. In L. Finlay & B. Gough (Eds.). Reflexivity: a practical guide for qualitative researcher in health and social sciences (pp. 257 276). London: Blackwell.

Baker, K. (2008). Conduct disorder in children and adolescents. Paediatrics and Child Health, 19, 2, 73 78.

Bandura, A. (1973). Aggression. A social learning analysis. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.

Barber, B., K. (2008a). Adolescents and war: How youth deal with political violence. New York: Oxford University Press.

Barber, B., K. (2008b). Glimpsing the complexity of youth and political violence. In B., K.,

Barber (ed.). Adolescents and war: How youth deal with political violence. New York: Oxford University Press, 3 32.

Barber, B., K. (2008c). Making sense and no sense of war. Issues of Identity and Meaning in adolescents’ experience with political conflict . In B., K., Barber (ed.). Adolescents and war: How youth deal with political violence. New York: Oxford University Press, 281 297.

Barber (2001). Political violence, social integration, and youth functioning: Palestinian youth from the Intifada. Journal of Community Psychology, 29, 259 280.

Barber, B., K. (1999). Political violence, family relations and Palestinian child functioning. Journal of Adolescent Research, 14, 206 230.

Barber, B., K., Olsen, J., A. (2008). positive and negative psychosocial functioning after political conflict. In B., K., Barber (ed.). Adolescents and war: How youth deal with political violence. New York: Oxford University Press, 207 237.

Barber, B., K., Shulterman, J., M. (2008). An overview of empirical literature on adolescents and political violence. In Barber, B., K. (ed.). Adolescents and war: How youth deal with political violence. New York: Oxford University Press, 35 61.

Beck K.,A. (2005). Ethnographic decision tree modelling: A research method for counsel ling psychology, Journal of Counseling Psychology, 52, 243 249.

Belsky, J. (2008). War, trauma and children’s development: Observation from a modern evolutionary, perspective. International Journal of Behavioral Development , 32, 4, 260 271.

Boothby, N., Strang, A., Wessels, M. (2006). A World Turned Upside Down: Social Ecological Approaches to Children in War Zones. Bloomfield: Kumarian press.

Botiveau, B. (2006). 1948 et le droit au retour, La represéntation du passé dans les négociations entre Palestiniens et Israéliens [1993 2000]. In N., Pincadou (Ed.). Territoires palestiniens du mémoire (pp. 61 86). Beyrouth: Karthala, ifpo.

Cacioppo, J., T., & Gardner, W., L. (1999). Emotion. Annual Review of Psychology, 50, 191 214.

Finzi Dottan, R., Dekela, R., Lavic, T., Su’alid, T. (2006). Posttraumatic stress disorder reactions among children with learning disabilities exposed to terror attacks. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 47, 2, pp. 144 151.

Gilligan, C. (2009). `Highly Vulnerable’? Political Violence and the Social Construction of Traumatized Children. Journal of Peace Research, 46, 1, 119 134.

Garbarino, J., Kostelny, K. (1996). The effects of political violence on Palestinian children’s behaviour problems: a risk accumulation model. Child Development, 67, 33 45.

Gilchrist, H., Howarth, G., & Sullivan, G. (2007). The Cultural Context of Youth Suicide in Australia: Unemployment, Identity and Gender. Social Policy and Society,6, 2, 151 163.

Gluck, B., S. (2008). Horal History and al Nakbah. Oral History Review, 35, 1, 68 80.

Graham, S. (2003). Lessons in urbicide. New left Review, 19, 63 77.

Guerra, N., G., Bradshaw, C., P. (2008). Linking the prevention of problem behaviors and positive youth development: Core competencies for positive youth development and risk prevention. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, 122, 1 – 17.

Levendosky, A., Huth bocks, A., Semel, M. & Shapiro, D. (2002). Trauma Sypmtoms in Preschool age Children Exposed to Domestic Violence. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 17(2): 150 164.

Hasanović, M., Sinanović, O., Selimbašić, Z., Pajević, I., &. Avdibegović, E. (2006). Psycho logical Disturbances of War traumatized Children from Different Foster and Family Settings in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatian Medical Journal, 47(1): 85–94.

Hill, J. (2002). Biological, Psychological and social processes in the conduct disorder . Journal of child Psychology and Psychiatry, 43, 133 164.

Honwana, A. (2006). Child soldiers: community healing and rituals in Mozanbique and Angola. In C. Daiute, Z. F. Baykont, C. Higson Smith, & L. Nucci (Eds.), International perspectives on youth conflict and development (pp. 177 192).

January, B. (2009). The Arab conquests of the Middle East. Broadway: 21st Century Books.

Khamis, V. (2008). Post traumatic stress and psychiatric disorders in Palestinian adolescents following intifada related injuries. Social Science & Medicine, 67, 8, 1199 1207.

Khamis, V. (2006). Family Environment and Parenting as Predictors of Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Among Palestinian Children. Journal of Social Service Research, 32, 4 , 99 – 116.

Khamis, V. (2006). Political violence and Palestinian families: implication for mental health and well being. London: Haworth Press.

Kiser, L.l J. , Black , M. M. (2005). Family processes in the midst of urban poverty : What does the trauma literature tell us? Aggression & Violent behavior, 10, 6, 715 750.

Fantuzzo, J., Boruch, R., Beriama, A., & Atkins, M. (1997). Domestic violence and children prevalence and risk in five major US cities. Journal of American Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 116 122.

Farah, R. (1997). Crossing Boundaries: Reconstruction of Palestinian Identities in al Baq’aRefugee Camp, Jordan. In R ., Bocco, B., Destremau, and J. Hannoyer, (Ed.) Palestine, Palestiniens, Territoire national,

espaces communitaires (pp. 48 74). Beyrouth: Cermoc.

Foa, E., B., and Cahill, S., P. (2002). Specialized treatment for PTSD: Matching survivors to the appropriate modality, in Yehuda R., Treating trauma survivors with PTSD, pp. 43 62. Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Press.

Garbarino, J., & Kostelny, K. (1996). The effect of political violence on Palestinian chil dren’s behaviour problems: A risk accumulation model. Child Development, 67, 33 45.

Giacaman, R., Johnson, P. (2002). Inside Palestinian Households: initial analysis of a community based households survey, 1. Birzeit University.

Lavi, T., & Solomon, Z. (2005). Palestinian youths of the Intifada: PTSD and future orientation. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 44, 11, 1176 1183

McNamara, J., Vervaeke, S., Willoughby, T.(2008). Learning disabilities and risk taking behaviour in adolescents. A comparison of those with and without comorbid Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Learning disabilities, 41, 6, 561 574.

Miller T., El Masri M., Allodi F., Quota S. (1999), II: Emotional and Behavioural Problems and Trauma Exposure of School age Palestinian Children in Gaza: Some Preliminary Findings, Medicine, Conflict and Survival, 15, 368 378.

Millstein, S.,G., Irwin, C.,E., Adler, N., E. (1992). Health risk behaviors and health concerns among young adolescents. Pediatrics, 3, pp. 442 448.

Neimeyer, R. (2006). Complicated Grief and the reconstruction of meaning: conceptual and empirical contribution to a cognitive constructivist model. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 13, 2, pp. 141 145.

Pappe, I. (2006). The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine, Oxford: Oneworld Pubblications Limited.

Peteet, J., (2000). Male Gender and Rituals of Resistance in the Palestinian Intifada: A Cultural Politics of Violence. In M., Ghoussoub, and M., Sinclair Webb (Eds.). Imagined Masculinities: Male Gender and Culture in the Modern Middle East (pp. 31 49). London: Saqi Books.

Pincadou, N. (2006). Territoires palestiniens du mémoire. Beyrouth: Karthala, ifpo.

Punamäki, R., L., Quota, S., El Sarraj, E. (2001). Resiliency factors predicting psychological adjustment after political violence among Palestinian children, International Journal of Behavioral Development , 25, 256 267.

Punamäki, R., L. (2008). War, military violence, and aggressive development: Child, family, and social preconditions. In Barber, B., K. (ed.). Adolescents and war: How youth deal with political violence. New York: Oxford University Press, 62 80.

Punamäki, R., L. (2000). Personal and family resources promoting resiliency among children suffering from military violence. In L. Van Willigen (Ed.), Health hazards of organized violence in children (vol. 2, pp. 29 41). Utrecht: Pharos.

Quota, S., Punamäki, R., El Sarraj, E. (2008). Child Development and Family Mental Health in War and Military Violence: The Palestinian Experience. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 32, 4, 310 321.

Quota, S., Punamäki, R., L., Miller, T., El Serraj, E. (2008). Does War Beget Aggression? Military violence, gender, age and aggressive behavior in two Palestinian Samples. Aggressive Behavior, 34, pp. 231 244.

Qouta, S., Punamäki, R.,L., and El Sarraj, E. (1995). The relation between traumatic experiences, activity, and cognitive and emotional responses among Palestinian children, International Journal of Psychology, 30, 289–304.

Ramin, H., F., A., Wick, L., Halileh, S., Hassan Bitar, S., Watt, G., Khawaja, M. (2009). Maternal and child health in the occupied Palestinian territory. Lancet, 373, 9667, 967 977.

Sagi Schwartz, A., Seginer, R., and Abdeen Z. (2008).Chronic exposure to catastrophic war experiences and political violence: Links to the well being of children and their families: Introduction to the Special Issue. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 32, 257 259.

Sherrod, L. R., Flanagan, C. A., & Kassimir, R. (Eds.). (2005). Youth activism: an international encyclopedia. Westport, CT: Greenwood press.

Sibai, T., Tohme, R., A., Beydoun, H., A., Nabil, K., Sibai, A., M. (2008). Violent behavior among adolescents in post war Lebanon: the role of personal factors and correlation with other problem behaviors. Journal of Public Health Advance, 3, 1 8.

Srour, R., W., Srour, A. (2006). Communal and familial war related stress factors: the case of yhe Palestinian child. Journl of Loss &Trauma, 11, 4, 289 309.

Thabet, A., A. , Abu Tawahina, A. , El Sarraj, E., and Vostanis, P. (2008). Exposure to war trauma and PTSD among parents and children in the Gaza strip. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 17, 4, pp. 191 199.

Tremblay, R., E. (2000). The development of aggressive behaviour during childhood: What have we learned in the past century? International Journal of Behavioural Development, 24, pp. 129 141.

Ungar, M. (2008). Resilience across cultures. British Journal of Social Work, 38, 218 235.

UNRWA (2008). Annual Report of the Department of Health, 2007.

Veronese, G., Said, M. (2008a), Pratiche di oppressione e violenza del quotidiano. Il caso dei bambini che inseguono i carri armati nel campo profughi di Jenin. Rivista Sperimentale di Freniatria, CXXXII, 3, pp. 87 114 .

Veronese, G., Said, M. (2009). Intervento terapeutico sulla crisi in contesti di guerra: uno studio sul caso di una famiglia palestinese traumatizzata. Terapia familiare. Accepted for publication.

Zakrinson T. L., Shanen A., Mortaja S., Hamel P. (2004), The prevalence of Psychological Morbidity in West Bank Palestinian Children, Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 49, 1, 60 63.


Refback

  • Non ci sono refbacks, per ora.


Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.

Utilizziamo i cookie per essere sicuri che tu possa avere la migliore esperienza sul nostro sito. Se continui ad utilizzare questo sito noi assumiamo che tu sia d'accordo con i cookie da noi utilizzati. Per maggiori informazioni clicca qui: Privacy policy e cookie

......................................................................................................................................................................................

Rivista scientifica ISSN: 2281-8960 - registrata presso il Tribunale di Cremona: registro stampa n° 323/2013