Mens sana in corpore sano: gli studenti più attivi sono gli studenti migliori? Una rassegna di ricerche psicologiche sulla relazione tra attività motoria e performance scolastica ed accademica

Serena Giunta, Giuseppe Mannino, Giuliana La Fiura, Veronica Montefiori, Calogero Iacolino, Monica Pellerone, Cinzia Novara, Antonino Bernardone, Erika Faraci, Rita Pillitteri, Marta Schiera

Abstract


Mens sana in corpore sano: the most active students are the best students? A Review of Psychological Research on the Relationship between Physical Activity and Scholastic and/or Academic Performance

Literature considers physical activity and sport as key elements for a healthy lifestyle, producing not only physical but also psychic well-being. However, a not very investigated element is the presence of a possible relationship between school or academic performance and the participation in physical activity and sport in groups of pre-adolescents and adolescents. In order to clarify the complex relationship between mind and body in pre-adolescence and adolescence, this piece of work analyzes, in a first part, the causal and direct relationship between sport activity and performance; in a second part, it describes how this relationship can be mediated by the sense of self-esteem and self-efficacy; and finally, the last part investigates the relationship between group sport practice and school or academic performance. This article shows the presence of a significant relationship between physical activity, sport and academic performance, especially as far as logical-mathematical skills and Italian and English language learning abilities are concerned. What is more, this research points out that physical activity and sport determine an increase in the students’ self-esteem and self-efficacy, due to a better school performance.


Keyword


Physical and psychological well-being, physical activity, mind-body relationship, students, school/academic performance, sport

Full Text

PDF - articolo

Riferimenti bibliografici


Baumeister, R. F., Campbell, J. D., Krueger, J. I., & Vohs, K. D. (2003). Does high self-esteem cause better performance, interpersonal success, happiness, or healthier lifestyles? Psychological science in the public interest, 4(1), 1-44.

Belsky, D. W., Caspi, A., Goldman-Mellor, S., Meier, M. H., Ramrakha, S., & Poulton, R., et al. (2013). Is obesity associated with a decline in intelligence quotient during the first half of the life course? American Journal of Epidemiology, 178, 1461–1468.

Bluechardt, M. H., Wiener, J. & Shephard, R. J. (1995). Exercise programmes in the treatment of children with learning disabilities. Sports Medicine, 19, 55–72.

Bowles, T. (1999). Focusing on time orientation to explain adolescent self concept and academic achievement: Part II. Testing a model. Journal of Applied Health Behaviour, 1, 1–8.

Brooke, H. L., Corder, K., Atkin, A. J., & VanSluijs, E. M. F. (2014). A systematic literature review with meta-analysis of within- and between-day differences in objectively measures physical activity in school-aged children. Sports Medicine, 44, 1427–1438.

Burkhalter, T. M., & Hillman, C. H. (2011). A narrative review of physical activity, nutri- tion, and obesity to cognition and scholastic performance across the human lifespan. Advances in Nutrition: An International Review Journal, 2, 201S–206S.

Bull, F. C., Armstrong, T. P., Dixon, T., Ham, S., Neiman, A. & Pratt, M. (2004). Physical inactivity. Comparative Quantification of Health Risks Global and Regional Burden of Disease Attributable to Selected Major Risk Factors. Geneva: World Health Organization, 729-881.

Busch, V., Loyen, A., Lodder, M., Schrijvers, A. J. P., Van Yperen, T. A., & De Leeuw, R. J. (2014). The effects of adolescent health-related behavior on aca-demic performance: A systematic review of the longitudinal evidence. Review of Educational Research, 84, 245–274.

Carlson, S. A., Fulton, J. E., Lee, S. M., Maynard, L. M., Brown, D. R., Kohl III, H. W., & Dietz, W. H. (2008). Physical education and academic achievement in elementary school: data from the early childhood longitudinal study. American journal of public health, 98(4), 721-727.

Castelli, D. M., Hillman, C. H., Buck, S. M., & Erwin, H. E. (2007). Physical fitness and academic achievement in third-and fifth-grade students. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 29(2), 239-252.

Caterino, M. C., & Polak, E. D. (1999). Effects of two types of activity on the performance of second-, third-, and fourth-grade students on a test of concentration. Perceptual and motor skills, 89(1), 245-248.

Chaddock-Heyman, L., Erickson, K. I., Holtrop, J. L., Voss, M. W., Pontifex, M. B., Raine, L. B., ... & Kramer, A. F. (2014). Aerobic fitness is associated with greater white matter integrity in children. Frontiers in human neuroscience, 8.

Coe, D. P., Pivarnik, J. M., Womack, C. J., Reeves, M. J., & Malina, R. M. (2006). Ef-fect of physical education and activity levels on academic achievement in chil-dren. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 38(8), 1515-1519.

Coleman, J. S. (1985) Sports in school. Sports and Education, 1, 6–10.

Crosnoe, R. (2002). Academic and health-related trajectories in adolescence: The in-ter- section of gender and athletics. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 43, 317–335.

Davis, E. C., & Cooper, J. A. (1934). Athletic ability and scholarship: A resume of studies comparing scholarship abilities of athletes and non-athletes. Research Quarterly. American Physical Education Association, 5(4), 68-78.

Davies, J., & Brember, I. (1999). Reading and mathematics attainments and self-esteem in years 2 and 6 and 8 year cross-sectional study. Educational Studies, 25, 145–157.

Daley, A. J., & Ryan, J. (2000). Academic performance and participation in physical activity by secondary school adolescents. Perceptual and motor skills, 91(2), 531-534.

Dexter, T. (1999). Relationships between sport knowledge, sport performance and academic ability: empirical evidence from GCSE Physical Education. Journal of Sports Sciences, 17(4), 283-295.

Dishman, R. K., Berthoud, H. R., Booth, F. W., Cotman, C. W., Edgerton, V. R., Fleshner, M. R., ... & Kramer, A. F. (2006). Neurobiology of exercise. Obesity, 14(3), 345-356.

Dudley, D. A., Okely, A. D., Pearson, P., Cotton, W. G., & Caputi, P. (2012). Changes in physical activity, lesson context, and teacher interaction during physical education in culturally and linguistically diverse Australian schools. International Journal of Behavioural Nutrition and Physical Activity, 9, 114–131.

Dumais, S. A. (2008). Adolescents’ time use and academic achievement: A test of the reproduction and mobility models. Social Science Quarterly, 89, 867–886.

Dwyer, T., Coonan, W. E., Leitch, D. R., Hetzel, B. S., & Baghurst, R. A. (1983). An investigation of the effects of daily physical activity on the health of primary school students in South Australia. International Journal of Epidemiology, 12(3), 308-313.

Eccles, J. S., & Barber, B. L. (1999). Student council, volunteering, basketball, or marching band: What kind of extracurricular involvement matters? Journal of Adolescent Research, 14(1), 10-43.

Edwards, J. U., Mauch, L., & Winkelman, M. R. (2011). Relationship of nutrition and physical activity behaviors and fitness measures to academic performance for sixth gra- ders in a Midwest city school district. Journal of School Health, 81, 65–73.

Ehrman, J. K., Gordon, P. M., Visich, P. S., & Keteyian, S. J. (2013). Clinical exercise physiology. Human Kinetics. Cloth: Campaign.

Ericsson, I., & Karlsson, M. K. (2012). Motor skills and school performance in children with daily physical education in school – A 9-year intervention study. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 24, 273–278.

European Commission/EACEA/Eurydice, (2013). Physical Education and Sport at School in Europe. Eurydice Report. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.

Fedewa, A. L., Ahn, S., Erwin, H., & Davis, C. M. (2015). A randomized controlled design investigating the effects of classroom-based physical activity on chil-dren’s fluid intelli- gence and achievement. School Psychology International, 36, 135–153..

Field, T., Diego, M. & Sanders, C. E. (2001) Exercise is positively related to adoles-cents’ relationships and academics. Adolescence, 36, 105–110.

Fisher, M., Juszczak, L., & Friedman, S. B. (1996). Sports participation in an urban high school: Academic and psychologic correlates. Journal of Adolescent Health, 18(5), 329-334.

Formica, I., Pellerone, M., Morabito, C., Barberis, N., Ramaci, T., Di Giorgio, A., Mannino, G. (2017). The existential suspension of the young-adult in times of liquid modernity. A differential analysis of identity uneasiness in precarious times. Mediterranean Journal of Clinical Psychology MJCP, 9(3), 1-28

Fourestier, M. (1962). Les expériences scolaires de Vanves. International Review of Education, 8(1), 81-85.

Fox, C. K., Barr‐Anderson, D., Neumark‐Sztainer, D., & Wall, M. (2010). Physical activity and sports team participation: Associations with academic outcomes in middle school and high school students. Journal of School Health, 80(1), 31-37.

Fredricks, J. A., & Eccles, J. S. (2006). Is extracurricular participation associated with beneficial outcomes? Concurrent and longitudinal relations. Developmental psy-chology, 42(4), 698.

Galimberti U. (1983). Il corpo. Milano: Feltrinelli.

Geleijnse, J. M., Kok, F. J., & Grobbee, D. E. (2004). Impact of dietary and lifestyle factors on the prevalence of hypertension in Western populations. The European Journal of Public Health, 14 (3), 235-239.

Gervasi, A.M., La Marca, L., Lombardo, E.M.C., Mannino G, Iacolino, C., Schimmenti, A. (2017). Maladaptive personality traits and internet addiction symptoms among young adults: A study based on the alternative DSM-5 model for personality disorders. CLINICAL NEUROPSYCHIATRY, 14, 20-28.

Giannone, F., Giordano, C., Di Blasi, M., (2015), Group psychotherapy in Italy. International Journal of Group Psychotherapy, 65 (4), 501-511.

Giunta, S., Oliveri, A., Pavia, L., & Campo, R. (2004). Inside and Outside the Com-munity: may taking care of this boundarie be therapeutic?. In 35th Annual Meeting of the Society for Psychotherapy Research (pp. 8-9).

Giunta, S., & Campo, R. (2006). Confini e appartenenze in adolescenza con il disegno delle appartenenze plurime. Ricerca su adolescenti Bangladesh a Palermo. In VII Congresso Nazionale della Sezione di Psicologia Sociale dell’AIP (pp. 409-411).

Goodman, A. (1990). Addiction: Definitions and implications. British Journal of Addic-tion, 85, 11, 1403-1408.

Granieri A., La Marca L., Mannino G, Giunta S., Guglielmucci F., Schimmenti A (2017). The Relationship between Defense Patterns and DSM-5 Maladaptive Personality Domains. FRONTIERS IN PSYCHOLOGY, 8, 1-12.

Gullo S., Lo Coco G., Di Fratello C., Giannone F., Mannino G., Burlingame G. (2015). Group Climate, Cohesion, and Curative Climate: A Study on the Common Factors in the Group Process and Their Relation with Members’ Attachment Dimensions. RESEARCH IN PSYCHOTHERAPY, 18, 10-20.

Gurney, P. (1987). Self‐esteem enhancement in children: a review of research findings. Educational Research, 29(2), 130-136.

Hamer, M., & Karageorghis, C.I. (2007). Psychological mechanisms of exercise de-pendence. Sports Medicine, 37, 6, 477-484.

Hansford, B. C., & Hattie, J. A. (1982). The relationship between self and achieve-ment/performance measures. Review of Educational Research, 52(1), 123-142.

Hanson, S. L., & Kraus, R. S. (1998). Women, sports, and science: Do female athletes have an advantage? Sociology of Education, 71, 93–110.

Harrison, P. A., & Narayan, G. (2003). Differences in behavior, psychological factors, and environmental factors associated with participation in school sports and other activities in adolescence. Journal of School Health, 73(3), 113-120.

Hausenblas, H. A., & Downs, D. S. (2001). Comparison of body image between athletes and nonathletes: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 13(3), 323-339.

Hobin, E. P., Leatherdale, S. T., Manske, S., Dubin, J. A., Elliott, S., & Veugelers, P. (2012). A multi-level examination of gender differences in the association be-tween features of the school environment and physical activity among a sample of grades 9 to 12 students in Ontario, Canada. BMC Public Health, 12, 74.

Holland, A. & Andre, T. (1987) Participation in extracurricular activities in secondary school: what is known, what needs to be known? Review of Educational Research, 57, 437–466.

King, K. A., Vidourek, R. A., Davis, B., & McClellan, W. (2002). Increasing self‐esteem and school connectedness through a multidimensional mentoring program. Journal of School Health, 72(7), 294-299.

Kirkcaldy, B. D., Shephard, R. J., & Siefen, R. G. (2002). The relationship between physical activity and self-image and problem behaviour among adolescents. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 37(11), 544-550.

Kohl 3rd, H. W. (2001). Physical activity and cardiovascular disease: evidence for a dose response. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 33 (6 Suppl), S472-83.

Koplan, J. P., Liverman, C. T., & Kraak, V. I. (2005). Preventing childhood obesity: health in the balance: executive summary. Journal of the American Dietetic Associa-tion, 105(1), 131-138.

Kramer, A. F., Erickson, K. I., & Colcombe, S. J. (2006). Exercise, cognition, and the aging brain. Journal of Applied Physiology, 101(4), 1237-1242.

Kugle, C.L., Clements, R.O., & Powell, P.M. (1983). Level and stability of self-esteem in relation to academic behavior of second graders. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44, 201–207.

Kwak, L., Kremers, S. P. J., Bergman, P., Ruiz, J. R., Rizzo, N. S., & Sjostrom, M. (2009). Associations between physical activity, fitness, and academic achieve-ment. The Journal of Pediatrics, 155, 914–918.

Iacolino, C., Pellerone, M., Formica, I., Lombardo, E. M. C. & Tolini, G. (2017). Alexithymia, body perception and dismorphism: a study conducted on sports and non sports subjects. Clinical Neuropsychiatry, 14 (6), 400-406.

Lau, W. C., Yu, C. W., Lee, A., So, R. C. H. & Sung, R. Y. T. (2004) The relationship among physical fitness, physical education, conduct and academic performance of Chinese primary school children, International Journal of Physical Education, 41, 17–26.

Leisman, G., Moustafa, A. A., & Shafir, T. (2016). Thinking, walking, talking: integratory motor and cognitive brain function. Frontiers in public health, 4.

Leppo, M. L., Davis, D., & Crim, B. (2000). The basics of exercising the mind and body. Childhood Education, 76(3), 142-147.

Li, J., & Siegrist, J. (2012). Physical activity and risk of cardiovascular disease—a metaanalysis of prospective cohort studies. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 9(2), 391-407

Lim, S. S., Vos, T., Flaxman, A. D., Danaei, G., Shibuya, K., Adair-Rohani, H., ... & Davis, A. (2013). A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. The lancet, 380(9859), 2224-2260.

Llinás, R. R. (2001). I of the vortex: From neurons to self . Cambridge, MA: MIT press.

Lo Verso G., Cannizzaro G., Buccafusca S.,& Giunta S. (2013), La comunicazione implicita ed esplicita in Cosa Nostra: un contributo di ricerca empirica, in XV Congresso Nazionale AIP, Sezione di Psicologia clinica e dinamica, Napoli 27-29 Set-tembre 2013.

Lumer, C. (1995). Rules and moral norms in sports. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 30(3-4), 263-280.

Mannino G, & Caronia V. (2017). Time, Well-Being, and Happiness: A Preliminary Explorative Study. World Futures. The Journal of New Paradigm Research, 318-333.

Mannino G., & Giunta S., (2015), Psychodynamics of the Mafia Phenomenon: Psy-chological-clinical research on environmental tapping and white-collar crime. World Futures. The Journal of New Paradigm Research, 71(5), 1-17.

Mannino G., Giunta S., Buccafusca S., Cannizzaro G., & Lo Verso G. (2015), Com-munication strategies in Cosa Nostra: an empirical research. World Futures. The Journal of New Paradigm Research, 71(5), 1-20.

Mannino G., & Faraci E., (2017) Morphogenesis of work. application to the psychological well-being and psychosocial health. RISS, 3, 315-334.

Mannino G., Giunta S., & La Fiura G. (2017a), Psychodynamics of the Sexual Assistance for Individuals with Disability. Sexuality and Disability, 1-12.

Mannino, G., Montefiori, V., Faraci, E., Pillitteri, R., Iacolino, C., Pellerone, M., & Giunta, S. (2017b). Subjective perception of time: Research applied on dynamic psychology. World Futures. The Journal of New Paradigm Research, 1-18.

Mannino G., Schiera M. (2017). La famiglia omogenitoriale oggi: pregiudizio per lo sviluppo del minore? Un’analisi della letteratura dal 2000 al 2015. MALTRATTAMENTO E ABUSO ALL'INFANZIA, 19, 87-103.

Marsh, H. W., & Kleitman, S. (2003). School athletic participation: Mostly gain with little pain. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 25(2), 205-228.

McNulty Eitle, T. (2005). Do gender and race matter? Explaining the relationship between sports participation and achievement. Sociological Spectrum, 25, 177–195.

McNulty Eitle, T., & Eitle, D. J. (2002). Race, cultural capital, and the educational ef-fects of participation in sports. Sociology of Education, 75, 123–146.

Mendoza, G., & Merchant, H. (2014). Motor system evolution and the emergence of high cognitive functions. Progress in Neurobiology, 122, 73-93.

Miller, K. E., Mellnick, M. J., Barnes, G. M., Farrell, M. P., & Sabo, D. (2005). Untangling the links among athletic involvement, gender, race, and adolescent aca- demic outcomes. Sociology of Sports Journal, 22, 178–193.

Moore, L. L., Nguyen, U. S. D., Rothman, K. J., Cupples, L. A., & Ellison, R. C. (1995). Preschool physical activity level and change in body fatness in young children: the Framingham Children’s Study. American Journal of Epidemiology, 142(9), 982-988.

Moreno, J. A. (2005). Goal orientations, motivational climate, discipline and physical self-perception related to the teacher’s gender, satisfaction and sport activity of a sample of spanish adolescent physical education students. International Journal of Applied of Sports Science, 17(2), 57-68.

Mortimer, J. A., Snowdon, D. A., & Markesbery, W. R. (2003). Head circumference, education and risk of dementia: findings from the Nun Study. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 25(5), 671-679.

Nelson, M. C., & Gordon-Larsen, P. (2006). Physical activity and sedentary behavior patterns are associated with selected adolescent health risk behaviors. Pediatrics, 117, 1281–1290.

Ng, M., Fleming, T., Robinson, M., Thomson, B., Graetz, N., Margono, C., ... & Abraham, J. P. (2014). Global, regional, and national prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adults during 1980–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. The lancet, 384(9945), 766-781.

O.M.S. (febbraio, 2014). Informativa n. 384. Ministero della Salute, Dipartimento della sanità pubblica e dell’innovazione.

Onnis, L. (2009). Lorsque la psyché est le reflet du corps. Une nouvelle alliance entre les neurosciences et la psychothérapie. Cahiers critiques de thérapie familiale et de pratiques de réseaux, (2), 65-91.

Otto, L. B. & Alwin, D. F. (1977) Athletics, aspirations, and attainment, Sociology of Education, 42, 102–113.

Pellerone, M., Ramaci, T., Granà, R., Craparo, G. (2017). Identity development, par-enting styles, body uneasiness, and disgust toward food. A perspective of integration and research. Clinical Neuropsychiatry, 14 (4), 275-286.

Pellerone M., Iacolino C., Mannino G., Formica I., Zabbara S., (2016) “The influence of Parenting on Maladaptive Cognitive Schema: A cross-sectional research on a group of adults”. Journal of Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 10, 47–58.

Pica, R. (1997). Beyond physical development: why young children need to move. Young Children, 52(6), 4-11.

Puhl, R., & Brownell, K. D. (2001). Bias, discrimination, and obesity. Obesity Research and Clinical Practice, 9, 788–805.

Pucher, K. K., Boot, N. M. W. M., & DeVries, N. K. (2013). School health promotion interventions targeting physical activity and nutrition can improve academic performance in primary and middle school children. Health Education, 113, 372–391.

Ratey, J. J., & Loehr, J. E. (2011). The positive impact of physical activity on cognition during adulthood: a review of underlying mechanisms, evidence and recommendations. Reviews in the Neurosciences, 22(2), 171-185.

Roberts, C. K., Freed, B., & McCarthy, W. J. (2010). Low aerobic fitness and obesity are associated with lower standardized test scores in children. The Journal of Pediatrics, 156, 711–718.

Rovio, S., Kåreholt, I., Helkala, E. L., Viitanen, M., Winblad, B., Tuomilehto, J., & Kivipelto, M. (2005). Leisure-time physical activity at midlife and the risk of dementia and Alzheimer’s disease. The Lancet Neurology, 4(11), 705-711.

Rovio, S., Kåreholt, I., Viitanen, M., Winblad, B., Tuomilehto, J., Soininen, H., ... & Kivipelto, M. (2007). Work‐related physical activity and the risk of dementia and Alzheimer’s disease. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 22(9), 874-882.

Sallis, J. F., McKenzie, T. L., Alcaraz, J. E., Kolody, B., Faucette, N., & Hovell, M. F. (1997). The effects of a 2-year physical education program (SPARK) on physical activity and fitness in elementary school students. Sports, Play and Active Recreation for Kids. American Journal of Public Health, 87(8), 1328-1334.

Sallis, J. F., & McKenzie, T. L. (1991). Physical education’s role in public health. Re-search Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 62, 124-137.

Sallis, J. F., McKenzie, T. L., Kolody, B., Lewis, M., Marshall, S., & Rosengard, P. (1999). Effects of health-related physical education on academic achievement: Project SPARK. Research quarterly for exercise and sport, 70(2), 127-134.

Schurr, T., & Brookover, W. (1970). Athletes, academic self-concept and achievement. Medicine and Science in Sports, 2(2), 96-99.

Shephard, R. J., Volle, M., Lavallee, H., LaBarre, R., Jequier, J. C., & Rajic, M. (1984). Required physical activity and academic grades: A controlled study. In Children and sport (pp. 58-63). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.

Shephard, R. J., Lavallee, H., Volle, M., LaBarre, R., & Beaucage, C. (1994). Academic skills and required physical education: The Trois Rivieres experience. CAHPER Research Supplement, 1(1), 1-12.

Shephard, R. J. (1997). Curricular physical activity and academic performance. Pediatric Exercise Science, 9(2), 113-126.

Shephard, R. J. (1974). Men at work. CC Thomas, Springfield.

Sibley, B. A., & Etnier, J. L. (2003). The relationship between physical activity and cognition in children: a meta-analysis. Pediatric Exercise Science, 15(3), 243-256.

Sigfúsdóttir, I. D., Kristjánsson, A. L., & Allegrante, J. P. (2006). Health behaviour and academic achievement in Icelandic school children. Health education research, 22(1), 70-80.

Smoll, F. L., Cumming, S. P., & Smith, R. E. (2011). Enhancing coach-parent relationships in youth sports: Increasing harmony and minimizing hassle. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 6(1), 13-26.

Solano, L. (2010). Some thoughts between body and mind in the light of Wilma Bucci’s multiple code theory. The International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 91(6), 1445-1464.

Stevenson, C. L. (1975) Socialization effects of participation in sport: a critical review of the research. Research Quarterly, 45, 287–300.

Strong, W. B., Malina, R. M., Blimkie, C. J., Daniels, S. R., Dishman, R. K., Gutin, B., ... & Rowland, T. (2005). Evidence based physical activity for school-age youth. The Journal of Pediatrics, 146(6), 732-737.

Taras, H., & Potts-Datema, W. (2005). Obesity and student performance at school. Journal of School Health, 75, 291–295.

Task Force on Community Preventive Services. (2002). Recommendations to increase physical activity in communities. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 22(4), 67-72.

Telford, R. D., Cunningham, R. B., Fitzgerald, R., Olive, L. S., Prosser, L., Jiang, X., & Telford, R. M. (2012). Physical education, obesity, and academic achievement: a 2-year longitudinal investigation of Australian elementary school children. American Journal of Public Health, 102(2), 368-374.

Tomporowski, P. D. (2003). Cognitive and behavioral responses to acute exercise in youths: A review. Pediatric Exercise Science, 15(4), 348-359.

Torres, R., & Fernández, F. (1995). Self-esteem and value of health as determinants of adolescent health behavior. Journal of Adolescent Health, 16(1), 60-63.

Tremblay, M. S., Inman, J. W., & Willms, J. D. (2000). The relationship between physical activity, self-esteem, and academic achievement in 12-year-old children. Pediatric Exercise Science, 12(3), 312-323.

Trudeau, F., & Shephard, R. J. (2010). Relationships of physical activity to brain health and the academic performance of schoolchildren. American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine, 4(2), 138-150.

World Health Organization. (2010), Global recommendation of physical activity on health. World Health Organization Geneva.

Wylie, R.C. (1979). The self-concept: Vol. 2. Theory and research on selected topics. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.

Yu, C. C. W., Chan, S., Cheng, F., Sung, R. Y. T., & Hau, K. T. (2006). Are physical activity and academic performance compatible? Academic achievement, con-duct, physical activity and self‐esteem of Hong Kong Chinese primary school children. Educational Studies, 32(4), 331-341.


Refback

  • Non ci sono refbacks, per ora.


Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.

Utilizziamo i cookie per essere sicuri che tu possa avere la migliore esperienza sul nostro sito. Se continui ad utilizzare questo sito noi assumiamo che tu sia d'accordo con i cookie da noi utilizzati. Per maggiori informazioni clicca qui: Privacy policy e cookie

......................................................................................................................................................................................

Editore: Giuseppe Licari dal 2013 - piazza Lodi 4, 26100 Cremona

Rivista scientifica ISSN: 2281-8960 - registrata presso il Tribunale di Cremona: registro stampa n° 323/2013.